Pantoprazole multiparticulate formulations

ABSTRACT

A method of treating gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcers of the stomach or duodenum, or Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome in a human, by administering pantoprazole sodium multiparticulates is described. The pantoprazole multiparticulates have a spheroid core of pantoprazole or an enantiomer thereof, or a salt thereof, a surfactant, and a disintegrant; a sub coat which is comprised of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (hypromellose) and water, an enteric coat on the subcoat, and a final seal coat over the enteric coat, which is composed of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (hypromellose) and water.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/955,567,filed Sep. 30, 2004, which claims the benefit under 35 USC 119(e) ofprior U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/507,810, filed Oct. 1,2003.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Pantoprazole,5-(difluoromethoxy)-2-[(3,4-dimethoxy-2-pyridyl)methylsulphinyl]-1H-benzimidazole,is a H+/K+-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) inhibitor (also known as acidpump or proton pump inhibitor (PPI), is an enzyme present in the gastricparietal cells. It is believed that these drugs are metabolized in theparietal cells to active sulfenamide metabolites that inactivate thesulfhydryl group of the proton pump, thus reducing the hydrogen ionsecretion. PPIs are generally lipophilic weak bases with poor aqueoussolubility at low pH. Many PPIs are unstable in low pH solutions andundergo rapid acid-catalyzed degradation, and they are relatively stableat neutral or high pH.

The current commercial oral formulations of sodium pantoprazole aresingle unit coated tablets. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,997,903, whichdescribes oral forms of pantoprazole that consist of a core, anintermediate layer and an outer layer. The current coating has atendency to cause undesirable sticking of the tablet to thegastrointestinal tract.

Multiparticulate formulations, because of their nature of dispersing inthe gastrointestinal tract, show a reduced food effect and variabilityin gastric emptying times, thereby providing for reduced inter and intrasubject variability, as compared to single unit tablets (Intl. Journalof Pharmaceutics 140 [1996] 229-235).

Several unsuccessful attempts have been made in the past to develop amultiparticulate formulation of pantoprazole. However, these attemptsyielded multiparticulates that were not bioequivalent to tablets, only70% relative bioavailability was found. Another attempt using differenttechnologies-non-pareil seed coating and extrusion/spheronization,resulted in a product that did not provide the appropriate release inacid conditions. In addition, these attempts yielded product that wasunstable, as observed by discoloration, when stored at room temperature.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a stable multiparticulate pantoprazoleformulation that provides reduced inter and intra subject variability.

In one embodiment, the pantoprazole multiparticulates of the inventionis composed of a spheroid core comprising pantoprazole or an enantiomerthereof, or a salt or hydrate thereof, at least one surfactant, at leastone disintegrant, and about 1% to about 2% w/w water; an enteric coat onthe core, said enteric coat comprising a copolymer of methacrylic acidand methacrylates in the range of about 15 to about 45 % w/w of thespheroid core; wherein said multiparticulates have an average size ofabout 1 mm in diameter.

Advantageously, the multiparticulate formulations of the invention arestable under room temperature storage conditions for at least twelvemonths. Based on the trend analysis using the twelve month roomtemperature data and 6 month 40° C./75% relative humidity (RH) dataavailable to date, the multiparticulates of the invention should have ashelf life of over 2 years. Typically, a multiparticulate formulation ofthe invention is considered stable if it retains 90% to 110% of itspotency during shelf life storage.

This pantoprazole multiparticulate formulation of the invention is lessprone to adherence to the intestinal walls, nasogastric and gastromytubes, and pouch material thereby giving predictable delivery of thedrug product to the site of drug release. It also provides for an earlyonset of action for relief of gastrointestinal pain and has a prolongedduration of action. This formulation allows dosing to pediatric patientsand patients who have difficulty swallowing solid foods. Thisformulation also allows for drug delivery via nasogastric andgastrostomy tubes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a multiparticulate formulation ofpantoprazole having a unique combination of excipients and a surfactant(e.g., polysorbate 80) that are compatible with pantoprazole sodium inthe presence of an alkaline pH environment. Further, the inventionprovides a process that utilizes low shear during granulation and lowtemperature during drying for preparation of the multiparticulate. Thisprocess contributes to the stability of the core of themultiparticulates of the invention.

In one aspect, the invention provides multiparticulate formulations ofpantoprazole having reduced release under gastric conditions and fastrelease at neutral pH, i.e., in the lower gastrointestinal tract.

The multi particulate formulation of sodium pantoprazole of theinvention provides an enhanced system for the delivery of pantoprazoleto patients. The current marketed formulation is a single monolithictablet. The present formulation of multiparticulate spheroids, which isadaptable for use in a capsule or a foil packet, can be prepared byextrusion/spheronization plus coating technology.

The composition of the multiparticulate of the invention, and theenteric coat, e.g., Eudragit, allows for reduced release at low pH (˜1)and fast release at a neutral pH (˜7). This provides faster blood levelsof the drug, in patients, and thereby a faster onset of action. Thesmaller T_(lag) value of multiparticulate formulation as compared tothat of a single monolithic tablet based on the results from dog dataindicates faster onset of action of multiparticulate formulation.

The use of a multi particulate formulation facilitates dosing topediatric patients and patients who have trouble swallowing, bydispersing the spheroids in a suspending liquid or sprinkling/dispersingin a low pH liquid like applesauce, prior to administration. Thesuspending liquid could be made prior to administration by mixing ablend of powder material with water. The smaller size of the multiparticulates, in a capsule or pouch or any other container, also allowsdosing through nasogastric or gastrostomy tube.

This formulation allows for a faster relief of GI pain, and prolongedduration of action (extended release), as compared to the currentmarketed tablet.

I. Multiparticulates of the Invention

Suitably, the multiparticulates are in the range of about 0.1 to 2 mm,or 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm, or 0.7 mm to 1.25 mm, or 0.8 mm to 1 mm. In oneembodiment, the multiparticulates in a composition of the inventionaverage about 1 mm in diameter. Typically, the multiparticulates of theinvention are no greater than about 1 mm in size in order to facilitatepassage through nasogastric tubes

The multiparticulates of the invention are composed, at a minimum, of aspheroid core with an enteric coat over the core. In between the coreand enteric coat an initial seal coat may be applied, e.g., comprising acoating of hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (hypromellose). Also, over theenteric coat a final seal coat may be applied, e.g., a coating ofhydroxylpropyl methyl cellulose (hypromellose). The spheroid core iscomposed of, at a minimum, a pantoprazole or a salt thereof, and asurfactant.

As used herein unless the context requires otherwise, the term‘pantoprazole’ refers to5-(difluoromethoxy)-2-[(3,4-dimethoxy-2-pyridyl)methylsulphinyl]-1H-benzimidazoleand enantiomers thereof and the term ‘pantoprazole compound’ includespantoprazole and enantiomers and salts and hydrates thereof. The activecompound, pantoprazole is described in European Patent 166 287, whichdescribes the preparation thereof, and is available commercially underthe brand name PROTONIX®. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable saltsof pantoprazole include, e.g., sodium, magnesium, and calcium, amongothers; still others are described in the European Patent 166 286, whichis incorporated by reference herein. The selection of a suitable salt isnot a limitation of the invention. In one embodiment, the salt issodium. Typically, the pantoprazole compound is present in the range offrom about 5 to 50% w/w, more preferably about 20 to 45% w/w, of thetotal multiparticulate.

Suitable surfactants are known to those of skill in the art. However,particularly desirable are sodium lauryl sulfate, polysorbates,including, e.g., polysorbate 80, and mixtures of these components.Typically, the surfactant is present in the core in an amount of about 2to about 7% w/w, and desirably, about 5% w/w of the core. In anotherembodiment, the surfactant is present in a ratio of about 5:3 drug:surfactant (e.g., pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate to sodium laurylsulfate) to about 10:1 drug: surfactant (e.g., pantoprazole sodiumsesquihydrate to polysorbate 80). Advantageously, the surfactants in themultiparticulate formulation have been found to enhance the wettabilityand, thus, the speed and extent of release and absorption of the sodiumpantoprazole, from the multi particulate formulation of the invention.

The spheroid core can further contain a disintegrant, a pH adjuster and,optionally a binder or another excipient such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (e.g., hypromellose 2208). Suitably, the total amount ofdisintegrant(s) present in the core is an amount of about 15% w/w toabout 80% w/w, or about 20% w/w to about 70% w/w, or about 25% w/w toabout 45% w/w, or about 30% w/w to about 42% w/w. In one embodiment, thetotal amount of drug to binder is represented by a ratio of from about50:1 to about 40:1 by weight drug:binder. The total amount of a pHadjuster in the formulation can range from about 0.1% w/w to about 10%w/w of the multiparticulate, or about 1% w/w to about 8% w/w, or about3% w/w to about 7% w/w. However, these percentages can be adjusted asneeded or desired by one of skill in the art.

The disintegrant may be selected from among other known disintegrants,including, e.g., cellulose, and crospovidone, among others. In oneembodiment, the disintegrant is selected from among microcrystallinecellulose and crospovidone, and mixtures thereof. The binder may beselected from among known binders, including e.g., cellulose, andpovidone, among others. In one embodiment, the binder is hydroxylpropylmethyl cellulose (hypromellose). Suitable pH adjusters include, e.g.,sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, lithiumcarbonate, among others. Still other suitable components will be readilyapparent to one of skill in the art.

In one embodiment, the spheroid core contains, w/w based on the dryuncoated core, about 45% pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate (about 40%free pantoprazole) , about 25 to 30%, and preferably about 27%microcrystalline cellulose, about 4 to 6%, and preferably about 5%polysorbate 80, about 14 to 16%, and preferably about 15% crospovidone,about 0.5 to 2%, and preferably about 1% hypromellose 2208, about 5 to8%, and preferably about 6.5% sodium carbonate. In one embodiment, thespheroid core contains: pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate 45.24% w/wmicrocrystalline cellulose 27.25% w/w polysorbate 80    5% w/wcrospovidone   15% w/w hypromellose 2208    1% w/w sodium carbonate 6.5% w/w

In another embodiment, the spheroid core contains: % w/w, based onAmount/ total weight Ingredients Capsule multiparticulate PantoprazoleSodium Sesquihydrate 45.11 21.911 Microcrystalline Cellulose, NF/EP27.39 13.304 (Avicel PH 101) Polysorbate 80, NF 5.00 2.429 Vegetablesource Crospovidone, NF 15.00 7.286 (Polyplasdone XL) HPMC USP/EP(Methocel) K3 1.00 0.486 Sodium Carbonate, NF 6.50 3.157 Purified Water,USP/BP/EP q.s. to make wet mass* Total 100.00 mg 48.573

Although moisture is removed from the core during the drying processwhich is described below, the core preferably retains about 1% to about2% w/w water. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the inventorsbelieve that this water content contributes the stability of thismultiparticulate as compared to the failed prior art attempts at forminga multiparticulate pantoprazole.

Optionally, an initial seal coat (or subcoat) can be applied directly tothe core prior to coating with the enteric coat. Although the componentsof this seal coat can be modified by one of skill in the art, aparticularly suitable initial seal coat is composed of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (hypromellose) and water. For example, a suitableinitial seal coat can be applied as a 7.5% w/w hypromellose solution.Typically, such a seal coat is in the range of about 2% w/w to about 4%w/w of the uncoated core or about 1% w/w to about 2% w/w of the coatedmultiparticulate.

In one embodiment, a multiparticulate with a subcoat contains: % w/w,based on total Amount/ weight Ingredients Capsule multiparticulate A.Sub Coat: 4.00 mg 1.943 Pantoprazole Sodium Pellets 100.00 mg  48.573(40 mg pantoprazole per 100 mg pellets) Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose4.00 mg 1.943 2910, USP, 6 cps Purified water, USP/BP/EP  9.33 mg**removed during processing Total 104.00 mg  50.516

The enteric coat is applied over the initial seal coat, if present, ordirectly to the uncoated spheroid core. Suitably, the enteric coat isapplied such that it coats the core in an amount of about 15 to 45% w/w,or about 20% w/w to about 30% w/w, or about 25% w/w to 30% w/w of themultiparticulate. In one embodiment, the enteric coat is about 27.5 to32.5% w/w of the multiparticulate. Suitably, the enteric coat contains aproduct which is a copolymer of methacrylic acid and methacrylates, suchas the commercially available Eudragit L 30D-55. In one embodiment, theenteric coat is composed of a Eudragit L30D-55 copolymer, talc, triethylcitrate, sodium hydroxide and water. More particularly, the entericcoating may contain about 30% w/w of multiparticulate ( applied as a 30wt % dispersion) of Eudragit L 30D-55 coating; about 15% w/w talc, about3% triethyl citrate; a pH adjuster such as sodium hydroxide and water.Other suitable materials may be selected for use in the enteric coatincluding, e.g., hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, celluloseacetate phthalate and the like.

In one embodiment, a multiparticulate of the invention is provided witha subcoat over the core and an enteric coat as follows: % w/w, based ontotal weight Ingredients Amount/capsule multiparticulate Core + Subcoat100.20 mg 48.67 Eudragit L30D-55 208.00 mg 30.309 62.40 (solids) Talc,USP, Altalc 500V 31.20 mg 15.155 Sodium Hydroxide, NF 1 N 9.30 mg 0.175solution 0.36 (solids) Triethyl Citrate, PG/NF 6.24 mg 3.031 PurifiedWater, USP/BP/EP 183.38 mg* *removed during processing Total 204.20 mg99.186

In one embodiment, the enteric-coated multiparticulate is further coatedwith a final seal coat. Suitably, this final seal coat is compriseshydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and about 0.1% w/w to 10% w/w of thecoated multiparticulate, 0.1% w/w to about 5% w/w, or about 0.2% w/w toabout 4% w/w.

In one embodiment, a final seal coat of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose inan amount of 0.5 to 1% w/w of the multiparticulate in water (which isremoved during processing) is applied over the enteric coat. Followingthis, a coating of talc can optionally be applied over the final sealcoat, in an amount of about 0.05 w/w to about 1% w/w, and preferably0.1% w/w to 0.5% w/w.

In one embodiment, the resulting multiparticulate formulation of theinvention achieves a geometric mean AUC ratio of test/reference of 89 to94 with a 90% confidence interval of 84 to 100 for the ratio orachieving a geometric mean Cmax ratio of test/reference of 62 to 66 witha 90% confidence interval of 56 to 74 for the ratio or an in-vitrodissolution profile as shown below: % Drug Release 6 Months @ 6 Months @Media Time Initial 25 C./60% RH 40 C./75% RH Target Acid 2 hrs 0.33 0.450.6 NMT 10% (pH 1.0) Followed by 3 min — 0.91 0.85 — Alkaline 6 min —3.61 1.83 — Buffer 9 min — 52.25 16.45 — (pH 6.8) 12 min — 89.65 75.15 —15 min 101.58 97.15 91.92 — 30 min 105.29 100.67 98.96 — 45 min 105.29100.57 99.14 NLT 75% 60 min 105.06 100.52 99.07 —

In another embodiment, the resulting multiparticulate formulation of theinvention achieves a mean AUC of 5451 to 5629 ng.h/ml and mean Cmax of1865 to 1929 ng/ml or an in-vitro dissolution profile as shown below: %Drug Release* Acid Buffer (min) Batch 2 hrs 15 30 45 Initial 0.08 101.77107.44 107.38  6 Months @40 C./75% RH 0.73 95.44 101.12 101.21 12 Months@25 C./60% RH 0.30 96.11 101.92 102.20*Specifications: Acid at 2 hrs - NMT 10.0%; Buffer at 45 min - NLT 75%However, the invention is not limited to these exemplary profiles.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that final sealcoat layer of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose provides a physical barrierfor reduced contact between the mucoadhesive Eudragit layer and theupper GI tract, and thereby allows the reliable transit of themultiparticulates to the proper pH environment in the GI tract foreffective release and absorption of the drug. In addition, the finalseal coat layer of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose imparts anti-stickingproperties to the multiparticulates and thus the multiparticulates arenot sticking to the pouch material and/or nasogastric tube. Themultiparticulates of the invention are useful for administration via thenasogastric tube and via food vehicles, particularly acidic foodvehicles.

II. Method of Producing Multiparticulate Formulations of Invention

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of producing themultiparticulate formulations of the invention.

Typically, the uncoated pantoprazole compounds are prepared are follows.The dry components, including, at least the pantoprazole compound andthe binder are dry blended in a suitable mixer under low shearconditions. Suitable low shear conditions can be readily achieved using,e.g., a Hobart mixer, at a range of about 25 rpm to 35 rpm, and mostdesirably, 32 rpm. However, one of skill in the art will be able toachieve comparable low shear conditions using different equipment, withthe rpm adjusted to the appropriate low shear settings for the selectedequipment. Optionally, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or crospovidone maybe substituted or additionally included in this step. Additionally, a pHadjuster may be included in this step.

Subsequently, the liquid components, e.g., the surfactant and water, aremixed in to afford a granulated product by mixing under low shearconditions. Suitable low shear conditions can be readily achieved using,e.g., a Hobart mixer, at a range of about 25 rpm to 35 rpm, and mostdesirably, 32 rpm. However, one of skill in the art will be able toachieve comparable low shear conditions using different equipment, withthe rpm adjusted to the appropriate low shear settings for the selectedequipment. The granulation is then extruded and spheronized through asuitable device (e.g., a NICA extruder/spheronizer) and the resultingspheroids are dried, sifted, and optionally blended prior to storage.

The inventors have found that a significant advantage is provided to thestability of the compound when the multiparticulates of the inventionare dried at low temperature. Desirably, the spheroid cores of thepantoprazole multiparticulates of the invention are dried to a percent(%) loss-on-drying (LOD) of 3.4% to 4.3%. As used herein, lowtemperature drying refers to a temperature not exceeding about 40° C.for a period of 10 to 12 hours. When the drying conditions exceed thistemperature and time period, impurities are observed that contribute toinstability. In one embodiment, drying of the core is performed in therange of 35° C. to 40° C., or about 37° C. to 39° C. for about 8 to 72hours. In another embodiment, the core is dryed at about 40° C. for 10to 12 hours. Suitably, when coating layers are applied as described, thedrying temperature for the various coating layers is also in this range.

Optionally, an initial seal coat of a hydrophilic polymer can be appliedto the uncoated multiparticulates. For example, an initial seal coatcomposed of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and purified water can beapplied on a fluid bed coater, e.g., by spraying.

The enteric coat can be applied directly to the uncoated spheroid core,i.e., the uncoated multiparticulate, or may be applied over an initialseal coat. The enteric coat as described above, is typically applied ona fluid bed wurster coater.

In one embodiment, a final seal coat is applied over the enteric coatand, optionally, talc is utilized in the final step prior to filling themultiparticulates into a suitable packaging unit.

The multiparticulate of the invention may be in any suitable formincluding, e.g., granules, pellets, beads, minitabs, spherules,beadlets, microcapsules, millispheres, nanocapsules, microspheres,platelets, tablets, and capsules, depending upon the desired route ofdelivery.

III. Formulations, Kits and Methods of Delivery

In another embodiment, the present invention provides productscontaining the pantoprazole multiparticulates of the invention.

Suitably, the multiparticulate compositions of the invention areformulated such that a patient receives a suitable amount of thepantoprazole, e.g., 5 mg to 200 mg, about 10 mg to about 100 mg, orabout 40 mg (measured based upon free pantoprazole). Preferably, theformulations are such that a suitable dose is delivered in a singledosage unit. These doses may be administered daily for a suitable periodof time, e.g., 4 weeks to 8 weeks, but can be delivered for a shorterperiod of time, e.g., 3 days to 3 weeks, one week to 3 months, or over alonger period, e.g., over 6 months, or longer. These compositions can bedelivered alone or in combination with an antacid or other suitablecomposition.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating humans byadministering an effective dose of the pantoprazole multiparticulatessuch that an area under curve (AUC) at least bioequivalent to Protonix®40mg tablet and Cmax as listed in Table VI are achieved.

In one embodiment, the pantoprazole multiparticulates are packaged foruse by the patient or his caregiver. For example, the multiparticulatescan be packaged in a foil or other suitable package and is suitable formixing into a food product (e.g., applesauce and other acidic foodvehicles) or into a drink for consumption by the patient.

The pantoprazole multiparticulate formulations of the invention areuseful for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcersof the stomach and duodenum, and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome.

In another embodiment, the pantoprazole multiparticulates are suspendedin a physiologically compatible suspending liquid.

In yet another embodiment, the pantoprazole multiparticulates are filledin capsules, caplets or the like for oral delivery.

In still a further embodiment, the invention provides method of treatinga subject in need thereof by administering an effective dose of thepantoprazole multiparticles of the invention.

The following examples illustrate specific embodiments of the inventionand are not a limitation on the present invention.

EXAMPLE 1 Pantoprazole Sodium Multiparticulate Formulations

Using a NICA extruder/spheronizer, during initial formulationdevelopment, several prototypes of uncoated multiparticulates weremanufactured to obtain a target immediate release profile similar to orfaster than the pantoprazole sodium uncoated tablet, currently availableas Protonix (20 mg and 40 mg) tablets. Levels of the disintegrantcrospovidone from 5 to 28.5% and the binder hydroxypropyl methylcellulose from 0.5 to 1% were evaluated during preparation of uncoatedmultiparticulates over four batches.

A. Preparation of Uncoated Pantoprazole Sodium Multiparticulates

More particularly, pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate, microcrystallinecellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (hypromellose 2208),crospovidone and sodium carbonate are dry blended in a Hobart mixer.Thereafter, polysorbate 80, NF (vegetable source) and purified water,USP, are added to the Hobart mixer. The resulting granulated produce isextruded and spheronized in a NICA® extruder/spheronizer and thespheroids are tray dried at a temperature not beyond 40° C. and sifted,followed by transfer to a PK blender. The final spheroids are stored indrums.

One of the batches (an approximately 200 gm batch) with 15% disintegrantcrospovidone and with 1% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Hypromellose2208)-was selected as a prototype with similar release profile. Thesieve cut of the uncoated spheroids from this batch was between 500-1000microns.

B. Prototype Lab Batch (Batch A)

Approximately 100 grams of these uncoated spheroids were coated in a 3″Wurster Fluid Bed coater with Eudragit L30D-55 and hypromellose toresult in Enteric coated multiparticulates.

During coating for this batch, the level of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) initial seal coat was 4% of the weight of the uncoatedmultiparticulates. The % w/w of the dry polymer Eudragit L30D-55 usedwas 22.16%. In the coating batch, talc was introduced as dry powder inthe coating chamber instead of being a part of the suspension. This wasdue to the small nozzle size (0.5 mm) used for coating the 100 g batch,which could potentially be clogged. The percent of talc and triethylcitrate used for the lab batch was less as compared to the clinicalbatches which were subsequently prepared. The multiparticulates werehand filled into size #2 HPMC capsules at a fill weight of 206 mg. Thecapsules were tested in vitro in 0.1 N HCl and pH 6.8 phosphate buffer.Less than 1% was released in acid media in 2 hours and greater than 80%was released in basic media in 45 minutes as desired.

These capsules were tested in dogs. The C_(max) and AUC were comparedagainst the current marketed Protonix 20 mg tablet (and values wereextrapolated to the 40 mg strength). It was seen that thesemultiparticulates released drug at a much faster rate than the currentProtonix tablet in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer as desired. The final sealcoat comprises hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (hypromellose) and water.This batch was packaged as spheroids in clear glass vials and placed onstability at accelerated conditions (30° C./65% relative humidity (RH)and 40° C./75% RH). The stability was monitored for 3 months. Thepotency and dissolution results are presented in Table I. Themultiparticulates were stable over the three month period and a 40 mgequivalent dose of multiparticulates filled into capsules at eachstability time point met all dissolution and stability criteria

Dissolution was tested by filling the stored spheroids into capsuleshells, and dissolving in 0.1 N HCl (target release at 2 hours: not morethan (NMT) 10%), followed by dissolution in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer(target release at 45 min: not less than (NLT) 75%. The acceptancecriteria further required a strength of 90 to 110% of the label claim.TABLE I Stability of multiparticulates in clear glass vials.Dissolution - Percentage Released (avg) Strength Secondary Test (HPLC)dissolution in Unit Time % Label 0.1 N HCl phosphate buffer Initial100.0% 0.9% 91.6% Ambient Room Temp 1 month 97.2% 0.8% 88.5% 7 month108.5% 0.8% 94.1% 30° C./60% RH 1 month 99.3% 0.5% 83.4% 2 month 98.3%NA NA 3 month 104.4% 0.7% 82.2% 40° C./75% RH 1 month 95.4% 0.7% 86.1¹ 2month 97.3% NA NA 3 month 102.7% 0.7% 89.4%¹One capsule - 78% released.

EXAMPLE 2 Coated Pantoprazole Sodium Multiparticulate Formulations(Batch B)

Based upon the lab batch A, a further scale-up batch of 1400 g wasmanufactured using a 7″ wurster fluid bed coater. During coating forthis batch, the level of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose initial sealcoat was 2% of the weight of the uncoated multiparticulates as comparedto 4% for the coated Batch A. The % w/w of the dry polymer, EudragitL30D-55 used was 22.16% w/w. Also, the talc was added directly to thecoating suspension as a larger nozzle size (1 mm) was used.

Initial release of coated multiparticulates in 0.1 N acid was high(9.0%) and very close to the limit of 10%. This Batch (B) did not meetthe stability and dissolution criteria when tested at acceleratedconditions (30° C./60% relative humidity (RH) and 40° C./75% RH). Trialfrom this batch indicated that an initial seal coat of greater than 2%of uncoated multiparticulates enhances stability of themultiparticulates. Additionally, more enteric polymer loading may bebeneficial to control the release in acid media as the process is scaledup.

EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of Pantoprazole Multiparticulates Scale-Up Batch

A. Technical Batch

Using a NICA extruder/spheronizer, a 36 kg technical batch of uncoatedmultiparticulates was prepared and 20 kg of this batch were entericcoated in a Glatt GPCG-15 machine to result in a 32 kg batch of coatedmultiparticulates. The % w/w of the dry polymer, Eudragit L30D-55 usedwas 22.16% w/w. This batch was filled into size #3 HPMC capsules at afill weight of 156 mg. The release in 0.1 N HCl at 2 hours was greaterthan the desired 10%. Based on this, taking into account scale-upeffects, minor adjustments were made to the formula and process forclinical batch.

B. Clinical Batch

Two 12 kg sub batches of a wet granulated mass were extruded andspheronized on a NICA extruder/spheronizer resulting in wetmultiparticulates. The multiparticulates were tray dried at 40° C. for10 to 12 hours to the desired % LOD of 3.4% to 4.3%. The batch wasscreened and only 16 kg of uncoated multiparticulates were used forcoating to ensure uniformity and completeness of coating in the GPCG-15machine. The sieved uncoated multiparticulates were coated with aninitial hydroxypropyl methycellulose seal coat, followed by an EudragitL30D-55 enteric coat, followed by a hydroxypropyl methycellulose finalcoat to result in 33 kg of coated multiparticulates. This batch wasfilled into size #2 HPMC capsules at a fill weight of 206 mg.

The release in 0.1 N HCl at 2 hours was less than the 10% limit and inpH 6.8 phosphate buffer, it was greater than the 80% limit at 45minutes. The batch met in vitro release characteristics. The one monthstability date showed that the multiparticulates were stable at 40°C./75% RH for one month. Currently, this batch is stable up to one yearat room temperature and upto 6 months at 40 deg.C/75% RH. Stabilitystudy at room temperature condition beyond one year is ongoing. The oneyear room temperature stability results of this batch are shown in thefollowing Table II.

The spheroid filled capsule had a faster in vitro release (dissolution)as compared to the Protonix 40 mg tablet in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer.TABLE II Stability of Pantoprazole Sodium Spheroid-filled Capsules, 40mg Test Appearance and Strength Description (HPLC) Water (KF) PurityDissolution Specifi- #2 Opaque 90.0- For Largest Single Total KnownDissolution Dissolution cation white capsules 110.0% Information Knownor and Unknown in 0.1N HCl in Phosphate (cap and body) Label ClaimUnknown Impurities ≦2.0 NMT 10% in Buffer NLT containing (LC) Impurity≦0.5 2 hrs. 75% in 45 min. white to off- (RRT) Conforms to Conforms towhite colored USP <724> USP <724> spheroids Unit % % % % % % InitialConforms 100.3 5.1 BRL BRL 0 105 Initial 0 107 (Spheroids only)^(a) 25°C./ 60% RH 1 Month No Change 99.5 5.2 0.17 0.17 1 103 (1.39) 2 Month NoChange 101.4 4.6 0.15 0.23 0 101  (1.38)^(b) 3 Month No Change 101.2 4.50.17 0.17 0 100 (1.39) 6 Month No Change 101.3 4.5 0.18 0.24 0 100 (1.38)^(b) 6 Month 0 112 (Spheroids only)^(a) 9 Months No Change 99.25.1 0.21 0.33 0 101  (1.40)^(b) 9 Months 0 108 (Spheroids only)^(a) 12Months No Change 99.1 5.1 0.08 0.23 0 102 (0.14) 12 Months 0 104(Spheroids only)^(a)BRL = Below Reporting Limit (0.05%).NMT = Not more than.NLT = Not less than.RRT = Relative retention time.^(a)Initial and revalidation dissolution results are provided forPantoprazole Sodium Spheroids, 40 mg/206 mg, which is the ingoing batchof spheroids used for manufacture of Pantoprazole Sodium Spheroid-filledCapsules, 40 mg.^(b)Corresponds to the impurity at RRT = 1.39.

EXAMPLE 4 Evaluation of Batch A Formulation in Beagle Dogs

The in-vitro release data of the sodium pantoprazole multi particulateformulation shows a faster release than the current marketed tablet.This provides earlier absorption and thereby a faster onset of action.The dog data clearly shows earlier drug levels of sodium pantoprazolefrom multiparticulates as compared to the single monolithic tablets.Earlier onset of action provides faster relief from gastric pain andother gastrointestinal (GI) disorders.

Pantoprazole sodium formulations have been evaluated in Beagle Dogs(n=5). The mean (SD) pharmacokinetic parameters and relativebioavailability of pantoprazole is illustrated in the Table III below.

As illustrated, the non-optimized lab batch of sodium pantoprazolemultiparticulate formulation dosed in dogs shows smaller lag time thanthe current marketed tablet. In the following table, AUC refers to thearea under a curve plotting mean concentration against protocol time.C_(max) refers to the maximum observed concentration value in the bloodsample after administration. T_(max) refers to the time point when C maxoccurs. T_(lag) refers to the time following administration beforeeffective amounts of the drug are observed in the circulation; t_(1/2)(hr) provides the half-life for drug elimination. Relativebioavailability compares the absorption of a product from the gut incomparison with a dose given intravenously (assumed 100%). TABLE III Themean (SD) pharmacokinetic parameters and relative bioavailability ofpantoprazole 20 mg 40 mg Multiparticulate Market Tablet Capsule Batch ABatch A with enteric Parameter Pantoprazole Na^(a) coat - PantoprazoleNa AUC (μg * hr/mL) 16.3 (2.46) 17.3 (2.33) Cmax (μg/mL) 11.7 (3.55)7.10 (1.76) Tmax (hr) 1.70 (0.84) 1.20 (0.27) tlag (hr) 1.10 (0.91) 0.25(0.18) t½ (hr) 0.62 (0.17) 0.77 (0.21) Relative Bioavailability — AUC:106%^(b) Cmax: 61%^(b)^(a)AUC and Cmax are normalized to a 40 mg dose^(b)Relative to Market Product Tablet

The dog data of the sodium pantoprazole multi particulate formulationgives a similar AUC as the current marketed tablet. Without wishing tobe bound by theory, it is believed that the faster release and similarAUC of the multi particulates is achieved by lowering the level of thedisintegrating agent crospovidone (as compared to the level in thetablet) and incorporating the functional excipient polysorbate 80 in thecore of the spheroids.

EXAMPLE 5 Pantoprazole Sodium Sesquihydrate :Excipient Formulations

This study was performed to determine the compatibility of pantoprazolesodium sesquihydrate with hypromellose 2208, sodium lauryl sulfate(SLS), crospovidone, and polysorbate-80.

A. Study Design

The study consists of two sets of samples. The first set contained drugand excipient. The second set contained drug, excipient andapproximately 2 μl water. The reason for the water along with the drugand the excipient is to see whether additional water present causes anyincompatibility.

The excipients were mixed with the drug in the ratio indicated in thefollowing table. The excipients and the drug were weighed into a glassvial. Then the vials were vortexed for 15 seconds. Similarly, a secondset of samples was prepared. Approximately 2 μl (the smallest amount ofwater that can be added with the pipette in the lab) was added to thesevials. Then the vials were vortexed for 5 seconds. Finally, the firstand second set of vials were capped and placed in stability chambers.The conditions tested were 400/75% RH and 51° C. for 3 weeks.

B. Results

The results of this drug-excipient compatibility study are presented as% recovery in the Table IV below. The selection criteria for thecompatibility or incompatibility are based on the % recovery between90-110%. TABLE IV Drug:Excipient Compatibility Results % Recovery Drug +Excipient Drug + Excipient + Water Ratio of 40° C./75% RH 51° C. 40°C./75% RH 51° C. Excipient Drug:Excipient 3 weeks 3 weeks 3 weeks 3weeks Control (Drug alone) — 94.67 100.53 94.60 96.64 Hypromellose 2208,10:1 99.209 93.248 93.811 97.421 USP, 3cps Sodium Lauryl Sulfate  5:399.947 98.763 95.466 95.088 (SLS) Crospovidone, NF 10:1 100.080 98.90897.201 105.716 Polysorbate-80, NF 10:1 98.301 90.961 99.908 81.405 BP/EP(vegetable source)

From the results shown in the table, the following conclusions can bedrawn. Hypromellose 2208, SLS, crospovidone and polysorbate-80 arecompatible with pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate at 40° C./75% RH for 3weeks. Hypromellose 2208, SLS and crospovidone are compatible withpantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate at 40° C./75%RH and 51° C. with andwithout additional water for 3 weeks.

In this study degradation compounds were not studied. However, thepediatric clinical formulation, [pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate45.24% w/w; microcrystalline cellulose 27.25% w/w; polysorbate 80 5%w/w; crospovidone 15% w/w; hypromellose 2208 1% w/w; sodium carbonate6.5% w/w; purified water q.s.], was studied under accelerated conditionsof 40° C./75% RH and is stable up to 6 months, providing a 2 year roomtemperature shelf life.

The components of the pediatric formulation are provided in thefollowing Table V. Formulation: Multiparticulates IngredientsAmount/Capsule % w/w Core: Pantoprazole Sodium 45.11 21.911Sesquihydrate Microcrystalline Cellulose, NF/EP 27.39 13.304 (Avicel PH101) Polysorbate 80, NF 5.00 2.429 Vegetable source Crospovidone, NF15.00 7.286 (Polyplasdone XL) HPMC USP/EP (Methocel) K3 1.00 0.486Sodium Carbonate, NF 6.50 3.157 Purified Water, USP/BP/EP q.s. to makewet mass* Total 100.00 mg 48.573 Enteric Coat: 100.20 mg 48.67 EudragitL30D-55 208.00 mg 30.309 62.40 (solids) Talc, USP, Altalc 500V 31.20 mg15.155 Sodium Hydroxide, NF 1 N 9.30 mg 0.175 solution 0.36 (solids)Triethyl Citrate, PG/NF 6.24 mg 3.031 Purified Water, USP/BP/EP 183.38mg* *removed during processing Total 204.20 mg 99.186 Final Seal Coat:1.54 mg 0.748 Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, 1.54 mg 0.748 USP 2910, 6cps Purified water, USP/BP/EP 18.99 mg* *removed during processing Total205.74 mg 99.934 Talc, USP, Altalc 500V 0.14 mg 0.068 Total 205.88 mg100.002

EXAMPLE 6 Evaluation of Pantoprazole Sodium Formulation in Human AdultSubjects

In this study, 40 mg pantoprazole sodium, formulated as described,clinical pediatric formulation, was administered to healthy human adults(n=24) by sprinkling in applesauce, in tablet form, or as an aqueoussuspension prepared using an inactive powder blend and water (8 in eachgroup).

In the following Table VI, column 1 provides the pharmacokinetic (PK)parameters, AUC (area under the concentration curve), AUC_(T) is thearea under the concentration time curve, and C_(max), maximumconcentration. The second column provides the test/reference geometricmean (GM) ratio. The third column provides the confidence interval forthe GM ratio. [The FDA considers a test product to be bioequivalent to areference product if the 90% confidence interval (CI) of the geometricmean ratio of AUC and C_(max) between the test and reference fall within80-125%].—The confidence interval is calculated using WinNonlinsoftware. TABLE VI Human PK study Results Test/Reference PK parameter GMratio 90% CI for ratio* A. Spheroids sprinkled in applesauce: AUC 9084-96 AUC_(T) 89 84-95 Cmax 62 56-70 B. Spheroids in suspension: AUC 94 88-100 AUC_(T) 94  88-100 Cmax 66 60-74

The lag time in the absorption of the tablet was higher compared to thesprinkle and suspension formulations. The entire drug in the tablet isreleased over a small time interval and therefore a higher C_(max) isobtained. With the spheroid formulations, drug from each spheroid isreleased over a longer time interval and therefore the C_(max) is lowerthan the tablet. However, the period of time following administrationthat pantoprazole remained in the circulation is similar for the 3formulations.

All documents identified herein are incorporated by reference. One ofskill in the art will recognize that minor modifications to theconditions and techniques described in the specific embodimentsdescribed herein can be varied without departing from the presentinvention. Such minor modification and variants are within the scope ofthe invention as defined by the following claims.

1. A method of treating gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcersof the stomach or duodenum, or Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome in a human,comprising administering pantoprazole multiparticulates to a humansubject, wherein said multiparticulates comprises a core containingpantoprazole sodium and a surfactant, an inner seal coat surroundingsaid core, and an enteric coating on the seal-coated core, and whereinfollowing administration to humans wherein when said multiparticulatescomprises 40 mg pantoprazole, the multiparticulates provide a geometricmean AUC ratio percentage of pantoprazole from said multiparticulatecomposition to pantoprazole from a 40 mg commercial tablet of between88% to 100% and a geometric mean Cmax ratio percentage from saidmultiparticulate composition comprising 40 mg pantoprazole topantoprazole from a 40 mg commercial tablet of between 60% to 74%. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein after administration of themultiparticulates, the pantoprazole has a greater lag time of absorptionthan pantoprazole administered in the commercial pantoprazole tablet. 3.The method according to claim 1, wherein said pantoprazole sodium ispantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate.
 4. The method according to claim 1,wherein the multiparticulates have an average diameter of about 0.7 toabout 1.25 mm.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein themultiparticulates have a spheroid core comprising a pantoprazolecompound present in an amount of about 40 mg of pantoprazole per 100 mguncoated multiparticulates.
 6. The method according to claim 1, whereinthe multiparticulates further comprise an initial seal coat on thespheroid core, an enteric coat on the initial seal coat, and an optionalfinal seal coat.
 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein thespheroid core further comprises a surfactant or a combination ofsurfactants present in a ratio from about 10:1 to about 5:3 pantoprazoleto surfactant(s) (w/w) or from about 2% to about 7% (w/w) ofsurfactant(s) to core.
 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein thesurfactant comprises sodium lauryl sulfate or a polysorbate, or acombination thereof.
 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein thesurfactant is polysorbate
 80. 10. The method of claim 7 wherein the corefurther comprises from 20% to 70% disintegrant.
 11. The method of claim10 wherein said disintegrant comprises microcrystalline cellulose. 12.The method according to claim 1, wherein the core consists essentiallyof: pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate 45% w/w microcrystalline cellulose27% w/w polysorbate 80 5% w/w crospovidone 15% w/w hypromellose 2208 1%w/w, and sodium carbonate 7% w/w.


13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the core consists of about45% pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate (w/w), about 25 to 30%microcrystalline cellulose, about 4 to 6% polysorbate 80, about 14 to16% crospovidone, about 0.5 to 2% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, about 5to 8% sodium carbonate, wherein the inner seal coat compriseshydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, and wherein the enteric coating comprisesa copolymer of methacrylic acid and methyacrylates and an outer sealcoat comprising hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and wherein themultiparticulates have an average diameter of about 1 mm.
 14. The methodof claim 1 wherein said multiparticulates are administered in aphysiologically compatible liquid.
 15. The method of claim 1 whereinsaid multiparticulates are administered in a food.
 16. The method ofclaim 1 wherein said multiparticulates are administered in a capsule.17. The method of claim 1 wherein said multiparticulates are containedwithin a foil package prior to administration.
 18. A method of treatinggastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcers of the stomach orduodenum, or Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome in a human, comprisingadministering a pantoprazole sodium multiparticulate composition to ahuman, wherein following administration to humans said compositionprovides a geometric mean AUC of between 5451 to 5629 ng.h/mL and ageometric mean Cmax of between 1865 to 1929 ng/mL.
 19. The method ofclaim 18 wherein after administration of the pantoprazole sodiummultiparticulate composition, the pantoprazole has a greater lag time ofabsorption than pantoprazole administered in the commercial pantoprazoletablet.
 20. The method according to claim 18, wherein said pantoprazolesodium is pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate.
 21. The method according toclaim 18, wherein the multiparticulates have an average diameter ofabout 0.7 to about 1.25 mm.
 22. The method according to claim 18,wherein the multiparticulates have spheroid cores comprising apantoprazole compound present in an amount of about 40 mg ofpantoprazole per 100 mg uncoated multiparticulates, wherein the amountof pantoprazole is measured in the free drug form.
 23. The methodaccording to claim 20, wherein the multiparticulates further comprisesan initial seal coat on the spheroid core, an enteric coat on theinitial seal coat, and an optional final seal coat.
 24. The methodaccording to claim 23, wherein the spheroid core further comprises asurfactant or a combination of surfactants present in a ratio from about10:1 to about 5:3 pantoprazole to surfactant(s) (w/w) or from about 2%to about 7% (w/w) of surfactant(s) to core.
 25. The method according toclaim 24, wherein the surfactant comprises sodium lauryl sulfate or apolysorbate, or a combination thereof.
 26. The method according to claim25, wherein the surfactant is polysorbate
 80. 27. The method of claim 24wherein said core further comprises from 20% to 70% disintegrant. 28.The method of claim 27 wherein said disintegrant core further comprisesmicrocrystalline cellulose.
 29. The method according to claim 18,wherein the core consists essentially of: pantoprazole sodiumsesquihydrate 45% w/w microcrystalline cellulose 27% w/w polysorbate 805% w/w crospovidone 15% w/w hypromellose 2208 1% w/w, and sodiumcarbonate 7% w/w.


30. The method according to claim 18, wherein the core consists of about45% pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate (w/w), about 25 to 30%microcrystalline cellulose, about 4 to 6% polysorbate 80, about 14 to16% crospovidone, about 0.5 to 2% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, about 5to 8% sodium carbonate, wherein the inner seal coat compriseshydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, and wherein the enteric coating comprisesa copolymer of methacrylic acid and methyacrylates and an outer sealcoat comprising hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and wherein the coatedmultiparticulates have an average diameter of about 1 mm.
 31. The methodof claim 18 wherein the multiparticulates are administered in aphysiologically compatible liquid.
 32. The method of claim 18 whereinthe multiparticulates are administered in a food.
 33. The method ofclaim 18 wherein the multiparticulates are administered in a capsule.34. The method of claim 18 wherein the multiparticulates are containedwithin a foil package prior to administration.
 35. A method of treatinggastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcers of the stomach orduodenum, or Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome in a human, comprisingadministering a pantoprazole sodium multiparticulate composition to saidhuman, wherein following administration of said multiparticulatecomposition wherein when said composition comprises 40 mg ofpantoprazole provides a geometric mean AUC ratio percentage ofpantoprazole from said multiparticulate composition to pantoprazole froma 40 mg commercial tablet of between 84% to 96% and a geometric meanCmax ratio percentage from said multiparticulate composition comprising40 mg pantoprazole to pantoprazole from a 40 mg commercial tablet ofbetween 56% to 70%.
 36. The method of claim 35 wherein afteradministration, the pantoprazole administered via the multiparticulateshas a greater lag time of absorption than pantoprazole administered inthe commercial pantoprazole tablet.
 37. The method according to claim35, wherein said pantoprazole sodium is pantoprazole sodiumsesquihydrate.
 38. The method according to claim 35, wherein themultiparticulates have an average diameter of about 0.7 to about 1.25mm.
 39. The method according to claim 35, wherein the multiparticulateshave a spheroid core comprising a pantoprazole compound present in anamount of about 40 mg of pantoprazole per 100 mg uncoatedmultiparticulates, wherein the amount of pantoprazole is measured in thefree drug form.
 40. The method according to claim 38, wherein themultiparticulates further comprises an initial seal coat on the spheroidcore, an enteric coat on the initial seal coat, and an optional finalseal coat.
 41. The method according to claim 40, wherein the spheroidcore further comprises a surfactant or a combination of surfactantspresent in a ratio from about 10:1 to about 5:3 pantoprazole tosurfactant(s) (w/w) or from about 2% to about 7% (w/w) of surfactant(s)to core.
 42. The method according to claim 41, wherein the surfactantcomprises sodium lauryl sulfate or a polysorbate, or a combinationthereof.
 43. The method according to claim 42, wherein the surfactant ispolysorbate
 80. 44. The method of claim 41 wherein said core furthercomprises from 20% to 70% disintegrant.
 45. The method of claim 44wherein said disintegrant comprises microcrystalline cellulose.
 46. Themethod according to claim 40, wherein the core consists essentially of:pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate 45% w/w microcrystalline cellulose 27%w/w polysorbate 80 5% w/w crospovidone 15% w/w hypromellose 2208 1% w/w,and sodium carbonate 7% w/w.


47. The method according to claim 40, wherein the core consists of about45% pantoprazole sodium sesquihydrate (w/w), about 25 to 30%microcrystalline cellulose, about 4 to 6% polysorbate 80, about 14 to16% crospovidone, about 0.5 to 2% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, about 5to 8% sodium carbonate, wherein the inner seal coat compriseshydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, and wherein the enteric coating comprisesa copolymer of methacrylic acid and methyacrylates and an outer sealcoat comprising hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and wherein themultiparticulates have an average diameter of about 1 mm.
 48. The methodof claim 35 wherein the multiparticulates are administered in aphysiologically compatible liquid.
 49. The method of claim 35 whereinthe multiparticulates are administered in a food.
 50. The method ofclaim 35 wherein the multiparticulates are administered in a capsule.51. The method of claim 35 wherein the multiparticulates are containedwithin a foil package prior to administration.